Intellectual Property Protection Of Music Works
Beautiful pieces of music are created every day all over the world. The talent, the inspiration and the hard work of musicians creating these music works are undoubtedly worth being valued and their works must be efficiently protected.
The works and rights of all creators, including musicians, are protected pursuant to an international Convention, namely the Berne Convention for the Protection of
and Artistic Works, which was adopted in 1886 and has been signed by a total of 174 countries up to now. The Republic of Cyprus is a Contracting State since 1960.
According to the said Convention, any music work which has its origins in one of the Contracting States – that is to say that either the creator is a National of this State or the work was first published in this State – is protected in the same way and extent in each Contracting State as the work of the Nationals of the States. This represents the principle of “national treatment” which the convention regulates.
Furthermore, it is of undeniably high importance that the above-mentioned protection is given automatically. Based on another principle, namely that of “automatic” protection, Contracting States are not permitted to require a formal registration for the works. Thus, the creator does not have to register his work in order to safeguard its protection.
Exactly what the Berne Convention provides, is that the copyright immediately exists once the tangible form of the musical work is made. This may be, for instance, in the form of CDs or of music sheets. Copyright protection is immediately granted as soon as the work is finished. A music work is copyrighted up to 70 years after the year of the death of the creator of the music.
In practice, the protection is given when the work is first published, by adding the symbol © as well as the year of the work’s publication. However, the United States continues to protect only works that are registered; so, if one wishes to protect his work in the United States he has to register the copyright on his specific work to the United States Copyright Office.
The creators of music works have the exclusive right to produce, reproduce, perform, publish and synchronize the work to visual content. Although those rights exist automatically, the creator may need to prove the copyright ownership in case he wants to seek injunctions or compensation against those who take advantage of his own work. In this case, the creator may need to bring evidence before the Court showing that he is the original author.
The content of this article intends to provide an overview to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought on each particular case. For any further information, please contact.
- Published in Retirement
Immigration Law Corporate LiveWire – Global Awards 2017
For a second consecutive year, Michael Kyprianou & Co. LLC has been awarded with the Corporate LiveWire’s 2017 Global Award, in the field of Immigration Law.
This year, the judges focused on each winner to recognise determination to overcome challenges and create a successful industry. The judging panel for the Global awards included Maxim Behar (Founder of M3 Communication Inc), Emma – Jane Packe (Managing Director at the Supper
Club), Urs Haeusler (DealMarket) and Osmaan Mahmood (Founder and CEO of Fenice Media Ltd), as well as the in-house team at Corporate LiveWire.
Jake Powers, Director of the 2017 Global Awards Guide commented: “The Corporate LiveWire winners have proven to be of high caliber, showing a strong motivation to achieve fantastic results within their sector. We look forward to working with them throughout 2017.”
- Published in Retirement
Framework For The Upgrading Of Investments
The motto ‘Cyprus, a destination to live in and invest’ is broadly and successfully used in the present, competitive environment. But is this just a motto or does it reflect the reality? A brief analysis of the recent developments and the ongoing initiatives can convince any investor that Cyprus is committed, in continuous efforts, to further enhance the pre-existing foundations for promising investment opportunities.
Cyprus has not only managed to successfully exit the Economic Adjustment Programme and the financial recession of 2013, but has made a significant financial recovery and taken substantial growth initiatives that further enhance its comparative advantage as a country, The increasing number of investments in several economic Sectors including Real Estate, Corporate and Tourism, indicates that Cyprus is heading in the right direction.
Τhe Republic of Cyprus, in its attempt to capitalize on its upward trend in investments and to further boost the profile of the Country, initiated the procedure for the establishment of three Deputy Ministries in areas where the Country has comparative advantage. In this respect, the bills for the establishment of Deputy Ministries for Tourism, Maritime and Growth and Competitiveness have been approved by the Council of Ministers and are, at this point in time, before the House of Representatives.
Deputy Ministry for Maritime Affairs:
The establishment of a Deputy Ministry for Maritime Affairs can be considered as a necessity based on Cyprus’ position in the Shipping Global Map as one of the leading countries in Europe and Internationally in the Ship Register. In fact, in 2016, the Cyprus Registry was the 11th largest merchant fleet in the world and the third largest fleet in the European Union.
The establishment of the Deputy Ministry for Maritime Affairs will contribute to the creation of an easily identifiable structure, which will respond promptly to the international challenges and will further upgrade Cyprus as a Maritime Centre.
Hence this effort is anticipated to:
operate as a lever to attract additional high quality ship owners and shipping companies to Cyprus,
offer all the guarantees to the already registered Shipping Companies,
contribute to the day-to-day operations of the Sector and allow for more individualized approach to be developed, and
facilitate the implementation of strategies that will efficiently respond to the ever-changing demands of the World Economy and international competition, thereby maximizing the possibilities and prospects of business success for each Shipping Investor.
Deputy Ministry for Growth and Competitiveness
The establishment of a Deputy Ministry for Growth and Competitiveness is an evident example of the Country’s commitment to upgrading the present conditions and investing in a new growth model. This will combat the fragmentation of responsibilities, lead to the simplification of procedures and boost the entrepreneurial culture of the Country.
The new structure is anticipated to:
act as one stop-shop for investors interested in strategic developmental projects,
overcome time consuming procedures,
examine, on a continuous and comprehensive basis, the incentives provided to the investors and the general policy framework, develop a more individualized approach for investors, upgrade the provision of electronic services and thus speed up the processes, and develop sectoral strategies in vital areas for investment.
Deputy Ministry for Tourism
The new structure, under consideration at present, is anticipated to render the Sector even more attractive and to contribute to the positive image of Cyprus abroad. A more integrated and targeted promotion of Cyprus can lead to multiple benefits for anyone involved in the Industry and can boost investment profitability. In addition, through the simplification of the existing procedures, the Tourism Industry will become even more attractive and promising for domestic and foreign investments.
The aforementioned initiatives show that Cyprus is a country with a vision, ready to respond to the contemporary challenges. The positive results are evident in the significant interest showed by investors in several traditional and emerging Sectors, for example, the investment in large scale projects such as the Integrated Casino Resort and Marinas across the island, the privatization of Limassol’s Port which provides new opportunities in the areas of shipping and services and the investment in the Real Estate Sector. Cyprus is moving forward with an upgraded profile. Despite the highly competitive and rapidly changing international environment, the Country has demonstrated that it deserves to be regarded by the investment community as a serious, modern and attractive destination.
Undoubtedly, there is great potential and fertile ground for the Country to reach the highest business level. The aforementioned initiatives demonstrate that Cyprus is ready to exploit the tremendous prospects for further growth and development and to undertake all the measures needed in order to constantly enhance its profile as “a destination to live in and invest”.
The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought on your specific circumstances.
For further information, please contact us.
- Published in Retirement
Establishment Of An AIF in The Form Of A Limited Liability Partnership
With the enactment of the Alternative Investment Funds (AIF) Law, Cyprus is able to offer the full spectrum of legislative framework to all fund products, both UCITS and non-UCITS.
In accordance with the Law, an AIF may be set up in one of the following legal forms:
as a mutual fund; as an investment company in the legal form of a Limited Liability Company with shares; as a Limited Liability Partnership.
This article refers to the third option only, and in particular the establishment of an AIF in the form of a Limited Liability Partnership.
In general, Cyprus law recognizes two forms of partnership, namely the General and the Limited Liability Partnerships. A partnership, unlike a company, is not a body corporate and is not therefore characterized by a separate legal personality. In essence, it is merely a description of the relationship between the partners, as is evident from s.5 of the General and Limited Partnerships Law Cap. 116, as amended from time to time, which sets forth the following definition:
‘Partnership is the relation which subsists between persons carrying on a business in common with a view of profit.’
Where an AIF operates in the form of a Limited Liability Partnership, it shall be registered in accordance with the provisions of the General and Limited Partnerships and Trade Names Law, and its exclusive purpose shall be the collective management of its own portfolio through its general partner, acting to the benefit of its partners.
A limited partnership consists of at least one general partner liable for all the debts and obligations of the partnership and one or more limited partners who, at the time of joining the partnership, must contribute a stated amount to its capital. Beyond this contributed amount, a limited partner is not liable for the debts and obligations of the partnership.
It must be emphasized that the limited liability partners of an AIF, in the form of a Limited Liability Partnership, shall not be responsible for the debts or the liabilities of the partnership, beyond the amount of their contribution in accordance and beyond the value of the units acquired in accordance with the AIF Law. In addition to the above, the limited liability partners of an AIF established in the form of a Limited Liability Partnership, do not interfere in the management of the partnership and do not represent the partnership against third parties.
An AIF which has been set up in the legal form of a Limited Liability Partnership, shall only have one general partner. The general partner, contrary to the above provisions regarding the limited partners, shall exercise the management of the partnership, as well as to represent the partnership against third parties. In addition, the general partner is responsible for all the debts and liabilities of the partnership and exercises the duties and undertakes all responsibilities of the external manager of the partnership, always taking into consideration the provisions of the AIF Law, as amended from time to time, regarding the appointment of the general partner.
Why Set Up Your Alternative Investment Fund in Cyprus
Cyprus offers a range of incentives to address and meet the needs of AIF investors and promoters from a legal, tax and regulatory perspective. Cyprus, with its developed infrastructure, maintains a highly professional workforce to provide support to AIFs. The legal system is based on English common law and the legal, accounting and banking sectors are highly developed. Additionally, Cyprus has one of the lowest corporate tax rates in Europe (12,5%). It is important to highlight that Cyprus is not considered an offshore tax haven. The tax legislation and tax regime in Cyprus is in full conformity with both European Union Laws and Directives and with the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Numerous other benefits are offered such as full exemption from tax on gains from trading in securities and a generous participation exemption regime on foreign dividends, in conjunction with an extensive network of double tax treaties for international tax planning both at an individual as well as at a corporate level.
The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought on your specific circumstances.
For further information, please contact us.
- Published in Retirement
Esme Pala’s Interview at the International Property Show
Please see, by following the link below, the interview given recently by Esme Pala, Associate of Michael Kyprianou & Co. LLC, at the “International Property Show” exhibition.
The “International Property Show” is the Middle East’s biggest property sales platform for local and international real estate markets. It is an innovative event held annually in Dubai for international and local companies involved in sales and promotion of real estate to individual and institutional investors.
Our firm had the pleasure of participating in this important event.
- Published in Retirement
Divestments And Insolvency
The purpose of this legislation is the sale of the mortgaged asset without the intervention of any governmental department and the new procedure is conducted exclusively by the mortgagee. The existing procedure for the sale of the mortgaged asset through the Department of Land and Surveys remains in place. The mortgagee has the choice to sell the property by auction or through a direct sale. If an application had been submitted to the Department of Land and Surveys for the sale of the mortgaged asset from a mortgagee, the latter has to withdraw it before initiating the new procedure.
The Procedure
The Procedure before the commencement of the sale of the mortgaged property
The sale procedure of a mortgaged property can commence when the mortgaged debt is made payable and due and is overdue for a period not less than 120 days. The mortgagee can proceed to start the procedure by serving a written notice to the mortgagor and to any interested party, accompanied by a statement of account of the mortgaged debt that is due, the interests and the expenses, inviting him to pay off the debt due within 30 days from the date of serving the notice. With the notice the mortgagor is informed that, in the event of not paying back the amount due, the mortgagee may exercise his right to sell the mortgaged property.
Where the mortgagor does not conform to the first notice the mortgagee can serve the mortgagor and all the other interested parties a second written notice informing them that the mortgaged asset is to be divested by auction. The notice is served within a period of not less than 30 days from the set date and time of the sale of the mortgaged property. The mortgagor and any interested party, within 30 days from the date of receipt of the notice, can file an appeal to the Court to set aside the notice of the intended sale for the following reasons:
The mortgagee serves a notice to the mortgagor to proceed with the appointment of a valuer for the purpose of determining the market value of the mortgaged asset. The mortgagor has to inform the mortgagee within 10 days about the identity of the valuer whom he has appointed so as to enable the mortgagee to appoint his own valuer. In the case where the mortgagor does not appoint a valuer before the prescribed deadline the mortgagee can appoint two valuers.
The two valuers prepare the valuation reports at the same time, independently and without consulting each other and without informing one another regarding their valuation or informing any third party, and they give their valuations to the mortgagor and to the mortgagee within 30 days from their appointment. In the event that the valuers do not observe the deadline of 30 days the mortgagee applies to the Technical Chamber of Cyprus within 10 days for the appointment of an independent valuer who within 30 days prepares the valuation.
The mortgagor, instead of appointing a valuer according to the abovementioned, can ask that the value of the general valuation concerning the mortgaged asset, as is declared in the Immovable Property (Tenure, Registration and Valuation) Law Ch. 224, be the estimated market value of the asset in question. If the difference of the two valuations does not exceed 25% then the market value is regarded to be the average of the two valuations. If the difference of the valuations is equal or greater than 25%, the mortgagee, within 5 days from the receipt of the valuation reports, has to appoint an independent valuer from the Technical Chamber of Cyprus who prepares the third valuation within 30 days and he gives at the same time a true copy of the original to the debtor and creditor and to the interested parties. In the case where a third valuer is appointed, the market value is regarded to be the average of the two most proximate of the three valuations. If the difference of the three valuations is equal, the market
value is regarded to be the average of the three valuations.
The Sale of the mortgaged asset
The initial attempt for the sale of the mortgaged asset is carried out by the mortgagee by auction only. In the auction a reserved sale price applies which is equal to 80% of the market value of the property and the mortgaged asset cannot be sold under the reserved sale price.
In a situation where the auction does not result in a sale, the creditor can make further attempts in order to sell the asset either through a sale by auction or through a direct sale. For this purpose the mortgagee serves a notice of 20 days to the mortgagor and to the interested parties which includes the intended method of sale. For a period of three months from the end date of the first auction the reserved sale price shall remain at 80% of the market value of the asset. After the period of three months, however, there is no reserved price and the determination of the sale price is at the discretion of the mortgagee. In our opinion this is a flawed practice because no safeguard is offered to the mortgagor since the mortgagee is given the power to sell the assets at very low prices and in fact this practice opens the window to fixed auctions against the interests of the mortgagor.
If the mortgagee does not sell the mortgaged asset within one year from the completion of the procedure of the first auction, then the mortgagee has the choice either to buy the mortgaged property at its market value, which will be valued from the beginning, or he can restart the sale procedure, without having the right to submit an offer to purchase. The sale of the mortgaged asset, either through auction or through a direct sale, is conducted with a reserved price not less than 50% of its new estimated market value.
Sale by auction
The choice of the auctioneer for the conduct of the sale of the mortgaged asset through an auction will be done randomly following an application from the mortgagee to the electronic system that is maintained at the website of the Ministry of Interior which includes a catalogue with qualified auctioneers. The auctions will be conducted Mondays to Fridays from 9:00 to 17:00. The auction is set by the area manager within three days from the date of the application made by the mortgagee. The auctions are carried out at five specified auction places, one in every District area. Until the specified time of the auction, a written bid to the auctioneer is allowed to be made for any asset that is included in the auction notice. The sale can be finalized before the passing of one hour from the start of the sale and at least 15 minutes after the last outbidding. Every notice for auction is prepared and issued by the mortgagee. The notice for auction is served to the mortgagor and to any other interested party within 30 days from the auction date.
The notice for auction is published within 30 days from the auction date:
Following the failure of the first auction, the mortgagee can choose to sell the asset with a direct sale which is conducted according to the Sale Regulations as provided in Part VIA of the Law. In a case where the mortgagee elects to sell the property directly without an auction he should conform to certain conditions, such as:
He should ensure promotion of the sale via advertising, including open access to the internet in at least one website and via a publication in at least two daily newspapers of wide circulation.
The sale will be finalized to the benefit of the tenderer with the highest bid, who pays immediately at least 20% of the accepted bid price and the remaining amount will be paid within 20 days from the acceptance of his offer. Otherwise, the initial payment is kept and not refunded and the sale is cancelled.
Distribution of the auction proceeds
The creditor, after the sale, informs the debtor about the sale proceeds that were collected either by auction or through a direct sale as well as about the costs, the charges, the taxes and the fees that were imposed during the auction procedure, if the sale was conducted through an auction. The mortgagee sends within 30 days from the sale, a notice to the debtor, to any interested party and to all claimants concerning the recommended disposal of the sale proceeds as regards the mortgaged asset. All the interested parties have the right to oppose the disposition of the auction proceeds within 20 days from the notice. If no oppositions accrue the mortgagee confirms the recommended disposition which is rendered final and he sends the confirmation or the court’s decision, if an opposition preceded, within 5 days to all the parties.
After all the necessary expenses are paid in the form of taxes, fees and capital proceeds for the transfer of the asset, the sale proceeds are disposed in order of priority to every party who has an encumbrance over the asset and any remaining amount is paid to the mortgagor. Any fees, obligations and sale expenses are paid by the mortgagee.
Where the asset bears previous encumbrances, a written consent of the beneficial owners of the encumbrances is required except where there is a Court decision which authorizes the sale or the auction without previous consents. In a case where there are subsequent encumbrances over the asset the creditor notifies the beneficial owners of the encumbrances of the auction/sale within 15 days.
Registration of the mortgaged asset
With the completion of the sale of the mortgaged asset through an auction or a sale or a purchase from the mortgagee, the latter, within a period not exceeding 30 days from the date of completion of the sale, submits an application to the relevant District Land Office for the registration of the asset in the name of the purchaser. For this purpose, he submits together with the application, an affidavit of the mortgagee and/or the auctioneer, with which the observance of the Law and the Regulations is confirmed, and all the necessary documents and all the confirmations which are required under s. 18(3) of the Law.
The content of this article intends to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought on your specific circumstances. For further information, please contact
- Published in Retirement
Cyprus Tax Residency in 60 Days
On the strength of the parliamentary resolution of the Cyprus House of Representatives, on the 14th July 2017, the rule of 183 days, as regards the determination of tax residency of individual persons in Cyprus, was amended by adding a supplementary rule.
In particular, an individual person has the opportunity, if he/she fulfill the following criteria (for each fiscal year), to fall under the new regulations of the Cyprus tax residency:
In addition, the new regulation provides for the possibility of exempting the individual persons who conduct business in Cyprus from income tax of 50% of their remuneration for the next 10 years, on the assumption that they will acquire the tax residency in Cyprus for the first time, they are not permanent residents in Cyprus, and their annual earnings are €100,000 or above.
It is therefore provided that an individual person during any fiscal year who does not have a tax residency anywhere else, will be taxed in Cyprus on the revenue arising from his activity in Cyprus.
It is worth noting that a person who has never been a tax resident and/or permanent resident in Cyprus for the past 20 years (before 2015), since he is acquiring tax residency in Cyprus under the applicable law, will enjoy a favourable tax arrangement. In particular, income from interest, and income from dividends from shares, both inside and outside the Republic of Cyprus, is not subject to taxation.
With the exception of the source of the above revenues (and some additional exemptions) an individual person who is a tax resident in Cyprus will be taxed on any other worldwide income, based on the following income tax rate:
Revenue Tax rate (%)
Up to €19,500 0%
€19,501 – €28,000 20%
€28,001 – €36,300 25%
€36,301 – €60,000 30%
More than €60,000 35%
The purpose of this present article is to provide a general update on this issue. For more specialized advice and detailed information please contact.
- Published in Retirement
Cohen & Goldstein Joins LexLegal!
We are pleased to announce that New York firm, Cohen & Goldstein, is now a member of LexLegal International Lawyers Network.
Sheldon Cohen & Howard Goldstein have over 60 years combined legal experience in New York. They concentrate primarily in three areas of law: Business and Corporate Law, Family Law, and Real Estate Law. The two partners strive to provide their clients with excellent legal representation with personalized service at reasonable costs. Both Sheldon and Howard are proud of their high integrity and their ability to satisfy their client’s demanding needs.
Whether you are a small or medium size business owner or individual seeking professional business planning and advice; or a spouse, same-sex partner, parent or grandparent seeking expert family law assistance; or an individual with any type of real estate need or an individual or family seeking financial and estate planning, the law firm of Cohen & Goldstein, Esqs., LLP can assist you.
- Published in Retirement
Bank Guaranteed Contracts
In the present era, and particularly in the period following the economic recession and its recovery, many of our fellow citizens are struggling to cope with the repayment of bank agreements and loans.
The major issue of loans in Swiss francs which is a blemish of the existing banking system as well as the predominantly inflexible regulations on the part of the Government, and the link with other common mortgages, has resulted in added problems being experienced by citizens against their counterpart credit institutions.
The bank loans consist of a tripartite banking arrangement – the borrower/principal debtor, the ancillary (third party) debtor, and the guarantor of the principal debtor.
This article will address the unfortunate position whereby a significant portion of citizens of the Republic of Cyprus have signed supplementary guarantee agreements, being in most cases relatives, friends, colleagues and/or in other relationships with the borrower, and have been called on to guarantee the repayment of and compliance with the loan agreement terms of the principal debtor party, as a means of securing the loan amount and avoiding the freezing of the borrower’s assets.
In Cyprus, during the booming period between 2006 and 2012, banking products and especially mortgages were easily and if I may say, ruthlessly granted and guarantor agreements for repaying loans were secured, without undertaking a full and accurate updating of the guarantor’s economic, legal and general financial circumstances.
Moreover, the consequences of a cancelled agreement were not disclosed to the guarantor, which potentially presented him with the liability for the movable and/or immovable property with the financial institution.
The banking institutions in granting countless loans did not scrutinize and/or check the solvency of the borrower, let alone the guarantor. In the thriving economic period banks were more focused on administrative matters than on the future repayment of loans and they were not overly concerned with whether the other parties (the guarantors) were solvent.
The main legislative framework governing the guarantee agreements consists of the Public Procurement Law, Cap. 149 of part XI, relating to coverage and warranty, as well as the latest legal admission of the Protection of a Specific Category of Guarantors Law of 2003 (197 (I)/2003) and the relevant amendments to both.
What constitutes a Guarantee Agreement on the basis of the above Laws? Guarantor contracts for the purpose of warranty and enforceability of the loan contract are concluded in writing and signed by the contracting parties.
The bank guarantee constitutes the acceptance of a contractual obligation by a third party for the repayment of all or part of the loan amount, which was credited by the Bank to the principal debtor, by payment of the amount lent in the case of non-fulfilment of the contractual obligations as stated above i.e. the non-repayment of borrowings.
In practice, in contracts with bank guarantees, the guarantor undertakes to repay the loan of the principal debtor, combined and wholly, on the outstanding loan balance of the principal debtor in the possible event of the non-fulfilment of the principal debtor’s obligations.
A contract of guarantee is not only a protective measure of a financial institution which grants the loan but has often been used to benefit an errant debtor.
It has been observed that the principal debtor feels secure with the existence of a guarantor and assures the bank of the recovery of the debt thereby enabling the guarantee relationship with the third party. At this point I wish to clarify that I am not referring to cases where there is a real weakness in the repayment of the loan, but in the “exploitation” by borrowers with the existence of a contract of guarantee.
The breakdown in the relationship through the non-repayment of the loan usually results in the banks approaching the courts to claim the outstanding loan amounts.
For the guarantors of these contracts, it is patently unfair to engage them in such conflicts, seeing as they do not benefit in any way from the amount granted to the principal debtor and instead are called on to sign a loan agreement which acts as a safeguard (safety net) for two separate parties to the contract and the compensation to which they have agreed.
They do not in any way receive any benefit, often without having proper information from the bank and perhaps not even from the borrower, and, while acting in good faith, may not be aware of the negative consequences that may befall the estate, such as the eventual insolvency of the principal debtor.
On this point, the guarantors, through applicable legislation, can have access to some protective measures to overcome the unfavorable position in which they are usually put and to defend themselves in such a way as to be released from this burden.
In summary, I would just like to mention some measures to protect guarantors:
Although ways exist in dealing with the protection of the guarantors and their obligations, the key problems facing the guarantors stem from the absolute inability of principal debtors to meet their contractual obligations where, while the guarantor assumes and fulfills the contract of the principal debtor, the guarantor remains vulnerable and his estate mortgaged, without any recourse against the principal debtor for the recovery of his financial loss. Moreover, this judgment is issued against a written MEMO on the entire property of both the principal debtor and the guarantor and can only be removed with extreme difficulty.
Guarantors of bank contracts are among the most vulnerable parties of personal legal transactions. The guarantors have rights and are able to take measures either judicially or extra-judicially for the defence and protection of their legal rights. The Government, however, will need to establish legal frameworks which will go towards improving the existing system of guarantee and in particular the protection of the assets of the guarantors.
The content of this article intends to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought on each particular case.
- Published in Retirement
Alternative Consumer Dispute Resolution
The House of Representatives, for the purpose of alignment with the European Union Act, Directive 2013/11 / EU, voted on the Alternative Dispute Resolution Law of 2017.
This law will apply to out-of-court settlements of domestic and cross-border disputes concerning contractual obligations arising from sales or service contracts between a trader operating in the Republic and a consumer residing in the Republic or a Member State of the European Union.
The House of Representatives, for the purpose of alignment with the European Union Act, Directive 2013/11 / EU, voted on the Alternative Dispute Resolution Law of 2017.
This law will apply to out-of-court settlements of domestic and cross-border disputes concerning contractual obligations arising from sales or service contracts between a trader operating in the Republic and a consumer residing in the Republic or a Member State of the European Union.
- Published in Retirement